The energetic charged particles from the Sun that cause aurora also energize electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere. The area of brightest X-ray emission is red. To the left is the first picture of the Earth in X-rays, taken in March, 1996 with the orbiting Polar satellite. X-ray image of Earth (Credit: Polar, PIXIE, NASA) These aurora are caused by charged particles from the Sun. Actually, the Earth itself does not glow - only aurora produced high in the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth glows in many kinds of light, including the energetic X-ray band. Many things in space give off X-rays, among them are black holes, neutron stars, binary star systems, supernova remnants, stars, the Sun, and even some comets!
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In astronomy, things that give off X-rays (like black holes) are like the dentist's X-ray machine, and the detector on the satellite is like the X-ray film. We use satellites with X-ray detectors on them to do X-ray astronomy. X-ray of 1-year-old showing a pin that she swallowed Can you see the shadow of what she swallowed? This is an X-ray photo of a 1-year-old girl. Similarly, when X-ray light shines on us, it goes through our skin, but allows shadows of our bones to be projected onto and captured by film. When the Sun shines on us at a certain angle, our shadow is projected onto the ground. Metal absorbs even more X-rays - can you see the filling in the image of the tooth
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It doesn't hurt at all - you can't feel X-rays.īecause your bones and teeth are dense and absorb more X-rays then your skin does, silhouettes of your bones or teeth are left on the X-ray film while your skin appears transparent. At a dentist, the film is put inside your mouth, on one side of your teeth, and X-rays are shot through your jaw, just like in this picture. When you get an X-ray taken at a hospital, X-ray sensitive film is put on one side of your body, and X-rays are shot through you. It also sees shadows left by things that the X-rays can't travel through (like bones or metal). X-ray film "sees" X-rays, like the ones that travel through your skin. Our eyes would be like the X-ray film used in hospitals or dentist's offices. What would it be like to see X-rays? Well, we wouldn't be able to see through people's clothes, no matter what the ads for X-ray glasses tell us! If we could see X-rays, we could see things that either give off X-rays or stop their transmission. This is good for us but also bad for astronomy - we have to put X-ray telescopes and detectors on satellites! We cannot do X-ray astronomy from the ground. The Earth's atmosphere is thick enough that virtually no X-rays are able to come through from outer space all the way to the Earth's surface. Roentgen called it "X" to indicate it was an unknown type of radiation. The photograph electrified the general public and aroused great scientific interest in the new form of radiation.
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He took an X-ray photograph of his wife's hand which clearly revealed her wedding ring and her bones. X-rays were first discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German scientist who found them quite by accident.
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This is partially because X-rays have very small wavelengths! We usually talk about X-rays in terms of their energy rather than wavelength. X-rays have smaller wavelengths and therefore higher energy. The electromagnetic spectrum includes X-rays.Īs the wavelengths of light decrease, they increase in energy.
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Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size from very long radio waves the size of buildings, to very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the nucleus of an atom. They only differ from each other in wavelength. Radio waves, television waves, and microwaves are all types of electromagnetic waves. Remember that when you listen to the radio, watch TV, or cook dinner in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic waves.